Sciences / Birds of the Expedition

Birds of the Expedition

The journals identify 134 species of birds with reasonable certainty . . . . perhaps the men felt a special interest in birds because Lewis knew, and the others were surely told, that the president was an enthusiastic birdwatcher who was keeping his own list of birds seen around his home.

—Virginia C. Holmgren in Birdwatcher’s Guide to Lewis and Clark

    Western Meadowlark

    Sturnella neglecta

    by

    The species remained nameless until John James Audubon dubbed it neglecta because, he wrote in 1840, although “the existence of this species was known to the celebrated explorers of the west, Lewis and Clark . . . no one has since taken the least notice of it.”

    Spruce Grouse

    Falcipennis canadensis

    by

    What is most remarkable about Meriwether Lewis’s work as a naturalist is that he observed and wrote so much about the plants and animals he saw. An unusual example is his description of the bird now commonly known as the spruce grouse.

    Clark’s Nutcracker

    Nucifraga columbiana

    by

    On the Salmon River, Clark “saw to day [a] Bird of the woodpecker kind which fed on Pine burs it’s Bill and tale white the wings black every other part.” Later, Meriwether Lewis had time to study and describe it with his usual thoroughness.

    Lewis’s Woodpecker

    Melanerpes lewis

    by

    On 27 May 1806, while the expedition was camped in the vicinity of modern Kamiah, Idaho, on the Clearwater River, Lewis described a bird that was “new to science,” with his typical mixture of minute detail and genuine admiration.

    American White Pelican

    Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

    by

    After killing one in flight, Lewis outlined the pelican’s habits of migration and reproduction, possibly relying on one of the reference books he had with him.

    Why did Lewis call the spruce grouse, blue grouse, and Oregon ruffed grouse “Three species of Pheasants?” What species did he actually see?

    March 7, 1806

    Aquatic birds

    At Fort Clatsop near the Pacific Ocean, Lewis describes aquatic birds: four seagulls, black cormorant, Arctic loon, and western grebe. Pvt. Bratton’s back pain worsens, and the hunters take one elk.

    Sharp-tailed Grouse

    Tympanuchus phasianellus

    by

    Elliott Coues, whose scientific interest centered on ornithology, in 1893 declared Lewis’s “Grouse or Prarie hen” to be the Oregon ruffed grouse, at that time classified as Bonasa umbellus sabinei (Ord) Coues.

    Blue Grouse

    Dendragapus obscurus

    by

    “this bird is fully a third larger than the common phesant of the Atlantic states. it’s form is much the same. it is booted nearly to the toes and the male has not the tufts of long black feathers on the sides of the neck which are so conspicuous in those of the Atlantic.”

    Ruffed Grouse

    Bonasa umbellus

    by

    At Fort Clatsop on 5 February 1806, Reubin Field returned from a hunt with “a phesant which differed but little from those common to the Atlantic states.”

    Birdwatcher’s Guide to Lewis and Clark

    by

    As you find each one and try to check each identifying clue, you cannot help but know much of the same challenge, the same success—or frustrations—that kept Lewis and Clark birdwatchers to the end.

    Summary of Birds Seen

    by

    The birds seen on the expedition are listed by scientific order and numbered for a total of 134 species or well described subspecies. Each is identified by Latin binomial (trinomial for subspecies), surname of original classifier, and year of publication.

    Glossary of Bird Names

    The birds reports in the journals

    by

    This glossary lists in alphabetical order the bird names used by Lewis and Clark in expedition records. To aid the reader in locating a complete passage in any edition of the journals, or paraphrase based on the original journals, each bird name is followed by the date of usage—usually the first, or a later significant, entry.

    Clark’s ‘Nightingale’

    A mystery bird

    by

    After the night of 3 June 1804, just past the Moreau River in present-day Kansas, Clark and Ordway reported that a loud bird sang all night. They called it a nightingale, but no such species lives in North America. Just what type of bird did they hear?

    Sage Grouse

    Centrocercus urophasianus

    by ,

    “The Heath Cock or cock of the Plains is found in the Plains of Columbia and are in great abundance from the enterance of Lewis’s river to the mountains which pass the Columbia between the Great falls and Rapids of that river.” Thus we have a historic account of sage grouse range and abundance.

    Eagles

    The bald and golden eagles

    by

    En route to the Pacific Ocean, Lewis and Clark saw both species of eagles that are native to North America: the black-and-white one called the bald eagle, and the brown-and-gold one commonly known as the golden eagle, but which the explorers knew as the grey eagle.

Experience the Lewis and Clark Trail

The Lewis and Clark Trail Experience—our sister site at lewisandclark.travel—connects the world to people and places on the Lewis and Clark Trail.

Logo: Lewis and Clark.travel

Discover More

  • The Lewis and Clark Expedition: Day by Day by Gary E. Moulton (University of Nebraska Press, 2018). The story in prose, 14 May 1804–23 September 1806.
  • The Lewis and Clark Journals: An American Epic of Discovery (abridged) by Gary E. Moulton (University of Nebraska Press, 2003). Selected journal excerpts, 14 May 1804–23 September 1806.
  • The Lewis and Clark Journals. by Gary E. Moulton (University of Nebraska Press, 1983–2001). The complete story in 13 volumes.